Changes: - Renamed all 10 Golang files from English to Chinese names - Created 00-项目概述/项目概述.md with comprehensive project overview - Created 08-算法与数据结构/算法与数据结构学习指南.md with detailed learning guide - Created 12-面试技巧/面试准备进度.md with progress tracking - Added .obsidian configuration for better markdown editing - Updated Claude.MD with Chinese filename rule Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) via [Happy](https://happy.engineering) Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com> Co-Authored-By: Happy <yesreply@happy.engineering>
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3.7 KiB
Golang HTTP 和 Web 开发
问题
- Go 的 http.Client 如何使用?
- 如何实现 HTTP 服务器?
- context 在 HTTP 中的作用是什么?
- 如何处理 HTTP 超时?
- 如何实现中间件(Middleware)模式?
标准答案
1. HTTP Client
基本使用
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"net/http"
"time"
)
func main() {
// GET 请求
resp, err := http.Get("https://api.github.com")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
fmt.Println(string(body))
}
自定义 Client
func main() {
// 自定义 Transport(超时、代理等)
tr := &http.Transport{
MaxIdleConns: 100,
IdleConnTimeout: 90 * time.Second,
TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second,
}
client := &http.Client{
Transport: tr,
Timeout: 5 * time.Second,
}
resp, err := client.Get("https://api.github.com")
// ...
}
2. HTTP Server
基本服务器
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
)
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, %s!", r.URL.Path[1:])
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
Server 高级用法
func main() {
server := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: myHandler,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
IdleTimeout: 120 * time.Second,
}
server.ListenAndServe()
}
3. Context 在 HTTP 中的作用
超时控制
func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()
// 使用 context
req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.github.com", nil)
client := &http.Client{}
resp, err := client.Do(req)
if err != nil {
if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
http.Error(w, "Timeout", http.StatusRequestTimeout)
return
}
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
defer resp.Body.Close()
// ...
}
4. 中间件模式
type Middleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler
func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
start := time.Now()
next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
fmt.Printf("%s %s %v\n", r.Method, r.URL, time.Since(start))
})
}
func authMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
token := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
if token == "" {
http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
return
}
next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
})
}
func main() {
var mux http.ServeMux
mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello, World!")
})
// 链式中间件
handler := loggingMiddleware(authMiddleware(&mux))
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", handler)
}
5. 阿里 P7 加分项
深度理解:
- 理解 Go 的 http.Client 和 http.Server 实现
- 理解 HTTP/2 支持
- 理解 context 的传播机制
实战经验:
- 有开发高性能 HTTP 服务器的经验
- 有处理 HTTP 超时的经验
- 有实现中间件框架的经验
性能优化:
- 理解如何优化 HTTP 客户端性能(连接池、并发)
- 理解如何优化 HTTP 服务器性能(Handler 调度)
- 理解如何处理慢客户端