Changes: - Renamed all 10 Golang files from English to Chinese names - Created 00-项目概述/项目概述.md with comprehensive project overview - Created 08-算法与数据结构/算法与数据结构学习指南.md with detailed learning guide - Created 12-面试技巧/面试准备进度.md with progress tracking - Added .obsidian configuration for better markdown editing - Updated Claude.MD with Chinese filename rule Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.ai/code) via [Happy](https://happy.engineering) Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com> Co-Authored-By: Happy <yesreply@happy.engineering>
192 lines
3.7 KiB
Markdown
192 lines
3.7 KiB
Markdown
# Golang HTTP 和 Web 开发
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## 问题
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1. Go 的 http.Client 如何使用?
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2. 如何实现 HTTP 服务器?
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3. context 在 HTTP 中的作用是什么?
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4. 如何处理 HTTP 超时?
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5. 如何实现中间件(Middleware)模式?
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---
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## 标准答案
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### 1. HTTP Client
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#### **基本使用**
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```go
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import (
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"fmt"
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"io"
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"net/http"
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"time"
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)
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func main() {
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// GET 请求
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resp, err := http.Get("https://api.github.com")
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if err != nil {
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panic(err)
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}
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defer resp.Body.Close()
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body, _ := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
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fmt.Println(string(body))
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}
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```
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---
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#### **自定义 Client**
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```go
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func main() {
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// 自定义 Transport(超时、代理等)
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tr := &http.Transport{
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MaxIdleConns: 100,
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IdleConnTimeout: 90 * time.Second,
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TLSHandshakeTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
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ExpectContinueTimeout: 1 * time.Second,
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}
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client := &http.Client{
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Transport: tr,
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Timeout: 5 * time.Second,
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}
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resp, err := client.Get("https://api.github.com")
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// ...
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}
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```
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---
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### 2. HTTP Server
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#### **基本服务器**
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```go
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import (
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"fmt"
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"net/http"
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)
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func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, %s!", r.URL.Path[1:])
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}
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func main() {
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http.HandleFunc("/", handler)
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http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
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}
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```
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---
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#### **Server 高级用法**
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```go
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func main() {
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server := &http.Server{
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Addr: ":8080",
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Handler: myHandler,
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ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
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WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
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IdleTimeout: 120 * time.Second,
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}
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server.ListenAndServe()
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}
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```
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---
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### 3. Context 在 HTTP 中的作用
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#### **超时控制**
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```go
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func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(r.Context(), 5*time.Second)
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defer cancel()
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// 使用 context
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req, _ := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", "https://api.github.com", nil)
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client := &http.Client{}
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resp, err := client.Do(req)
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if err != nil {
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if ctx.Err() == context.DeadlineExceeded {
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http.Error(w, "Timeout", http.StatusRequestTimeout)
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return
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}
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http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
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return
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}
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defer resp.Body.Close()
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// ...
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}
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```
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---
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### 4. 中间件模式
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```go
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type Middleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler
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func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
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return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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start := time.Now()
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next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
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fmt.Printf("%s %s %v\n", r.Method, r.URL, time.Since(start))
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})
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}
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func authMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
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return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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token := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
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if token == "" {
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http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
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return
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}
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next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
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})
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}
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func main() {
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var mux http.ServeMux
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mux.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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fmt.Fprint(w, "Hello, World!")
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})
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// 链式中间件
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handler := loggingMiddleware(authMiddleware(&mux))
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http.ListenAndServe(":8080", handler)
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}
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```
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---
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### 5. 阿里 P7 加分项
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**深度理解**:
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- 理解 Go 的 http.Client 和 http.Server 实现
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- 理解 HTTP/2 支持
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- 理解 context 的传播机制
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**实战经验**:
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- 有开发高性能 HTTP 服务器的经验
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- 有处理 HTTP 超时的经验
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- 有实现中间件框架的经验
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**性能优化**:
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- 理解如何优化 HTTP 客户端性能(连接池、并发)
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- 理解如何优化 HTTP 服务器性能(Handler 调度)
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- 理解如何处理慢客户端
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